Calculate genetic inheritance patterns, genotype and phenotype ratios. Perfect for biology, genetics, and breeding applications.
Comprehensive genetic inheritance calculations with detailed explanations
Calculate single trait inheritance patterns
Calculate two trait inheritance patterns
Calculate genetic probability ratios
Apply Mendel's laws of inheritance
Understanding genetic inheritance patterns and Mendelian genetics
Choose from monohybrid, dihybrid, probability, or Mendelian inheritance.
Input parent genotypes or traits for the genetic cross.
Receive Punnett square, genotype ratios, and phenotype ratios.
Aa × Aa → 1:2:1 genotype ratio
AaBb × AaBb → 9:3:3:1 ratio
P(AA) = 25%, P(Aa) = 50%, P(aa) = 25%
Law of Segregation & Independent Assortment
Common genetic inheritance calculations and their practical applications
Result: 1:2:1 genotype ratio
Result: 3:1 phenotype ratio
Result: Predict offspring traits
Result: Disease inheritance
Common questions about Punnett square calculations
A Punnett square is a diagram used to predict the genotype and phenotype ratios of offspring from a genetic cross between two parents. It shows all possible combinations of gametes from each parent.
Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an organism (e.g., AA, Aa, aa), while phenotype refers to the observable characteristics or traits (e.g., brown eyes, blue eyes). Genotype determines phenotype.
A monohybrid cross is a genetic cross between two individuals that are heterozygous for one trait (e.g., Aa × Aa). It typically results in a 1:2:1 genotype ratio and 3:1 phenotype ratio.
A dihybrid cross involves two traits and follows the pattern AaBb × AaBb. It results in the classic 9:3:3:1 phenotype ratio, demonstrating Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment.
Genetic probabilities are calculated by counting the number of desired outcomes divided by the total number of possible outcomes. For example, P(AA) = 1/4 = 0.25 or 25% in an Aa × Aa cross.
Mendel's laws include: 1) Law of Segregation - alleles separate during gamete formation, 2) Law of Independent Assortment - alleles for different traits assort independently, 3) Law of Dominance - dominant alleles mask recessive ones.
Dominant alleles (capital letters) are expressed even when paired with a recessive allele. Recessive alleles (lowercase letters) are only expressed when paired with another recessive allele (homozygous recessive).
Read a Punnett square by looking at the intersection of gametes from each parent. The top row and left column show the gametes, while the inner squares show the resulting offspring genotypes.
Punnett squares are used in plant and animal breeding, medical genetics, conservation biology, and genetic counseling to predict inheritance patterns and make informed breeding or medical decisions.
Punnett squares work best for simple Mendelian traits controlled by single genes. Complex traits influenced by multiple genes, environmental factors, or incomplete dominance require more sophisticated genetic analysis.
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